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Order 8 CPC - Code of Civil Procedure - WRITTEN STATEMENT, SET-OF AND COUNTER-CLAIM

 Order 8 CPC Description

Order VIII


WRITTEN STATEMENT, SET-OF AND COUNTER-CLAIM


1[WRITTEN STATEMENT, SET-OF AND COUNTER-CLAIM]


1. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, for the former heading (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).


1[1. Written statement.


The defendant shall, within thirty days from the date of service of summons on him, present a written statement of his defence.


Provided that where the defendant fails to file the written statement within the said period of thirty days, he shall be allowed to file the same on such other day, as may be specified by the Court, for reasons to be recorded in writing, but which shall not be later than ninety days from the date of service of summons.]


1. Subs, by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 18. Now again substituted by Act No. 22 of 2002 section 9 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).


1[1A. Duty of defendant to produce documents upon which relief is claimed or relied upon by him


(1) Where the defendant bases his defence upon a document or relies upon any document in his possession or power, in support of his defence or claim for set off or counter claim, he shall enter such document in a list, and shall produce it in court when the written statement is presented by him and shall, at the same time, deliver the document and a copy thereof, to be filed with the written statement.


(2) Where any such document is not in possession or power of the defendant, he shall, wherever possible, state in whose possession or power it is.


2(3) A document which ought to be produced in Court by the defendant under this rule, but, is not so produced shall not, without the leave of the Court, be received in evidence on his behalf at the hearing of the suit.].


(4) Nothing in this rule shall apply to documents?


(a) produced for the cross-examination of the plaintiff's witnesses, or


(b) handed over to a witness merely to refresh his memory.]


1. Added by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 18 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).


2. Rule 1A was inserted by Act No. 46 of 1999,section 18 and now sub-rule (3) has been substituted by Act No. 22 of 2002, section 9 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002)..


2. New facts must be specially pleaded.


The defendant must raise by his pleading all matters which show the suit not be maintainable, or that the transaction is either void or voidable in point of law, and all such grounds of defence as, if not raised, would be likely to take the opposite party by surprise, or would raise issues of fact not arising out of the plaint, as, for instance, fraud, limitation, release, payment, performance, or facts showing illegality.


3. Denial to be specific


It shall not be sufficient for a defendant in his written statement to deny generally the grounds alleged by the plaintiff, but the defendant must deal specifically with each allegation of fact of which he does not admit the truth, except damages.


4. Evasive denial.


Where a defendant denies an allegation of fact in the plaint, he must not do so evasively, but answer the point of substance. Thus, if it is alleged that he received a certain sum of money, it shall not be sufficient to deny that he received that particular amount, but he must deny that he received that sum or any part thereof, or else set out how much he received. And if an allegation is made with diverse circumstances, it shall not be sufficient to deny it along with those circumstances.


5. Specific denial.


1[(1)] Every allegation of fact in the plaint, if not denied specifically or by necessary implication, or stated to be not admitted in the pleading of the defendant, shall be taken to be admitted except as against a person under disability :


Provided that the Court may in it discretion require any fact so admitted to be proved otherwise than by such admission.


2[(2) Where the defendant has not filed a pleading, it shall be lawful for the Court to pronounce judgment on the basis of the facts contained in the plaint, except as against a person under a disability, but the Court may, in its discretion, require any such fact to be proved.


(3) In exercising its discretion under the proviso to sub-rule (1) or under sub-rule (2), the Court shall have due regard to the fact whether the defendant could have, or has, engaged a pleader.


(4) Whenever a judgment is pronounced under this rule, a decree shall be drawn up in accordance with such judgment and such decree shall bear the date on which the judgment was pronounced.]


1. Rule 5 renumbered as sub-rule (1) of that rule by Act No. 104 of 1976, (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).


2. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).


6. Particulars of set-off to be given in written statement.


(1) Where in a suit for the recovery of money the defendant claims to set-off against the plaintiff's demand any ascertained sum of money legally recoverable by him from the plaintiff, not exceeding the pecuniary limits of the jurisdiction of the Court, and both parties fill the same character as they fill in the plaintiff's suit, the defendant may, at the first hearing of the suit, but not afterwards unless permitted by the Court, presents a written statement containing the particulars of the debt sought to be set-off.


(2) Effect of set-off?The written statement shall have the same effect as a plaint in a cross-suit so as to enable the Court to pronounce a final judgment in respect both of the original claim and of the set-off: but this shall not affect the lien, upon the amount decreed, of any pleader in respect of the costs payable to him under the decree.


(3) The rules relating to a written statement by a defendant apply to a written statement in answer to a claim of set-off.


Illustrations


(a) A bequeaths Rs. 2,000 to B and appoints C his executor and residuary legatee. B dies and D takes out administration to B's effect, C pays Rs. 1,000 as surety for D: then D sues C for the legacy. C cannot set-off the debt of Rs. 1,000 against the legacy, for neither C nor D fills the same character with respect to the legacy as they fill with respect to the payment of Rs. 1,000.


(b) A dies intestate and in debt to B, C takes out administration to A's effects and B buys part of the effects from C. In a suit for the purchase-money by C against B, the latter cannot set-off the debt against the price, for C fills two different characters, one as the vendor to B, in which he sues B, and the other as representative to A.


(c) A sues B on a bill of exchange. B alleges that A has wrongfully neglected to insure B's goods and is liable to him in compensation which he claims to set-off. The amount not being ascertained cannot be set-off.


(d) A sues B on a bill of exchange for Rs. 500. B holds a judgment against A for Rs. 1,000. The two claims being both definite, pecuniary demands may be set-off.


(e) A sues B for compensation on account of trespass. B holds a promissory note for Rs. 1,000 from A and claims to set-off that amount against any sum that A may recover in the suit. B may do so, for as soon as A recovers, both sums are definite pecuniary demands.


(f) A and B sue C for Rs. 1,000 C cannot set-off a debt due to him by A alone.


(g) A sues B and C for Rs. 1000. B cannot set-off a debt due to him alone by A.


(h) A owes the partnership firm of B and C Rs. 1,000 B dies, leaving C surviving. A sues C for a debt of Rs. 1,500 due in his separate character. C may set-off the debt of Rs. 1,000.


HIGH COURT AMENDMENTS


Karnataka.-


In Order VIII, in rule 6, in sub-rule (1), at the end, insert the words "and the provisions of rules 14 to 16 of Order VII of this Code, shall mutatis mutandis, apply to a defendant claiming set-off as if he were a plaintiff", (w.e.f. 30-3-1967)


Orissa.-


Same as in Patna.


Patna.-


In Order VIII, in rule 6, in sub-rule (1), at the end, insert the words "and the provisions of Order VII, rules 14 to 18 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to a defendant claiming set-off as if he were a plaintiff".


1[6A. Counter-claim by defendant


(1) A defendant in a suit may, in addition to his right of pleading a set-off under rule 6, set up, by way of counter-claim against the claim of the plaintiff, any right or claim in respect of a cause of action accruing to the defendant against the plaintiff either before or after the filing of the suit but before the defendant has delivered his defence or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired, whether such counter-claim is in the nature of a claim for damages or not:


Provided that such counter-claim shall not exceed the pecuniary limits of the jurisdiction of the Court.


(2) Such counter-claim shall have the same effect as a cross-suit so as to enable the Court to pronounce a final judgment in the same suit, both on the original claim and on the counter-claim.


(3) The plaintiff shall be at liberty to file a written statement in answer to the counter-claim of the defendant within such period as may be fixed by the Court.


(4) The counter-claim shall be treated as a plaint and governed by the rules applicable to plaints.


1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).


6B. Counter-claim to be stated


Where any defendant seeks to rely upon any ground as supporting a right of counter-claim, he shall, in his written statement, state specifically that he does so by way of counter-claim.


6C. Exclusion of counter-claim


Where a defendant sets up a counter-claim and the plaintiff contends that the claim thereby raised ought not to be disposed of by way of counter-claim but in an independent suit, the plaintiff may, at any time before issues are settled in relation to the counter-claim, apply to the Court for an Order that such counter-claim may be excluded, and the Court may, on the hearing of such application make such Order as it thinks fit.


6D. Effect of discontinuance of suit


If in any case in which the defendant sets up a counter-claim, the suit of the plaintiff is stayed, discontinued or dismissed, the counter-claim may nevertheless be proceeded with.


6E. Default of plaintiff to reply to counter-claim.


If the plaintiff makes default in putting in reply to the counter-claim made by the defendant, the Court may pronounce judgment against the plaintiff in relation to the counter-claim made against him or make such Order in relation to the counter-claim as it thinks fit.


6F. Relief to defendant where counter-claim succeeds


Where in any suit a set-off or counter-claim is established as defence against the plaintiff's claim and any balance is found due to the plaintiff or the defendant, as the case may be, the Court may give judgment to the party ent'tled to such balance.


6G. Rules relating to written statement to apply


The rules relating to a written statement by a defendant shall apply to a written statement filed in answer to a counter-claim.]


7. Defence or set-off founder upon separate grounds


Where the defendant relies upon several distinct grounds of defence or set-off 1[or counter-claim] founded separate and distinct facts, they shall be stated, as far as may be, separately and distinctly.


HIGH COURT AMENDMENT


Karnataka-


In Order VIII, after rule 7, insert the following rule, namely:-


"7A. Where the defendant seeks the permission of the Court under rule 8 of Order I of this Code to defend the suit on behalf of or for the benefit of himself and other persons having the same interest as the defendant in the subject-matter of the suit he shall file an application supported by an affidavit setting out the particulars detailed in sub-rule (2) of rule 4 of Order VII of this Code. Notice of such an application shall be given to all parties to the suit, and if the permission sought is granted the plaint may be amended by inserting a statement that the defendant is with leave of the Court sued as the representative of all persons interested in subject-matter of the suit." (w.e.f. 30-3-1967)


1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).


8. New ground of defence


Any ground of defence which has arisen after the institution of the suit or the presentation of a written statement claiming a set-off 1[or counter-claim] may be raised by the defendant or plaintiff as the case may be, in his written statement.


1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).


1[8A. Omitted].


1. Omitted by Act No. 46 of 1999 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).


1[9. Subsequent pleadings.


No pleading subsequent to the written statement of a defendant other than by way of defence to set-off or counter-claim shall be presented except by the leave of the Court and upon such terms as the Court thinks fit; but the Court may at any time require a written statement or additional written statement from any of the parties and fix a time of not more than thirty days for presenting the same.


1. Rule 9 were omitted by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 18 but now again substituted by Act No. 22 of 2002 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).


1[10. Procedure when party fails to present written statement called for by Court.


Where any party from whom a written statement is required under rule 1 or rule 9 fails to present the same within the time permitted or fixed by the Court, as the case may be, the Court shall pronounce judgment against him, or make such Order relating to the suit as it thinks fit and on the pronouncement of such judgment a decree shall be drawn up."].


1. Rule 10 were omitted by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 18 but now again substituted by Act No. 22 of 2002 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).


HIGH COURT AMENDMENTS


Allahabad.-


In Order VIII, after rule 10, insert the following rules, namely:-


"11. Every party, whether original, added or substituted, who appears in any suit or other proceeding shall on or before the date fixed in the summons or notice served on him as the date of hearing file in Court proceeding stating his address for service, written in Hindi written in Devnagri Script, and if he fails to do so he shall be liable to have his defence, if any, struck out and to be placed in the same position as if he had not defended. In this respect the Court may act suo motu or on the application of any party for an Order to such effect, and the Court may make such Order as it thinks just


12. Rules 20, 22, 23, 24 and 25 of Order VII shall apply, so far as may be, addressed for service, filed under the preceding rule."


[Vide Amended by Uttar Pradesh Gazette, Ft. II, dated 17th December, 1970.]


Bombay.-


In Order VIII, after rule 10, insert the following rules, namely:-


"11. (1) (a) Parties to fix addresses.-


Every party, whether original, added or substituted, who appears in any suit or other proceeding, shall file in the Court on or before the date fixed in the summons on notice served on him as date for his appearance or within such further time as may be allowed by the Court, a memorandum in writing stating the address at which he may be served.


(b) Registered address.-


This address shall be called the "registered address" and it shall subject to rule 24 of Order VII read with rule 12 of this Order, hold good in all proceedings in the suit and in appeals and also for a further period of six years from the date of the final decision for all purposes including those of execution.


(c) Consequences of default in filing registered address.-


If, after being registered to file the registered address within a specified time, he fails to do so, he shall be liable to have his defence, if any, struck out and to be placed in the same position as if he had not defended. If this respect, the Court may add suo motu or on the application of any party for an Order to such effect and the Court may make such Order as it thinks fit.


(2) When default may be condoned.-


Where the Court has struck out the defences under sub-rule (1) and has adjourned the hearing of the suit or the proceeding and where the defendant or the opposite party at or before such hearing appears and assigns sufficient cause for his failure to file the registered address and also files the unregistered address, he may, upon terms as the Court directs as to costs or otherwise, be heard in answer to the suit or the proceeding as if the defences had not been struck out.


(3) When decree passed on default can be set aside.-


Where the Court has struck out the defences under sub-rule (1) and has consequently passed a decree or Order, the defendant or the opposite party, as the case may be, may apply to the Court by which he files a registered address and satisfies the Court that he was prevented by any sufficient cause from filing the address, the Court shall make an Order setting aside the decree or Order as against him upon such terms as to costs or otherwise as it thinks fit and shall appoint a date for proceeding with the suit or proceeding:


Provided that where the decree or Order is of such a nature that it cannot be set aside as against such defendant or opposite party only, it may be set aside as against all or any of the other defendants or the opposite parties.


12. Applicability of rules 20 and 22 to 26 of Order VII.-


Rules 20, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 of Order VII shall apply so far as they may be applicable, to registered address filed under the last preceding rule.


Counter-Claim


13. Defendant may set up counter-claim against the claims of the plaintiff in addition to set-off.-


A defendant in a suit, in addition to his right of pleading a set-off under Order VIII, Rule 6 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 may set up by way of counter-claim against the claims of the plaintiff any right or claim in respect of a cause of action accruing to the defendant either before or after the filing of the suit, but before the defendant has delivered his defence and before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired, whether such counter-claim sounds in damages or not, and such counter-claim shall have the same effect as a cross-suit so as to enable the Court to pronounce a final judgment in the same suit both on the original and on the counter-claim, and the plaintiff (if so advised) shall be at liberty to file a written statement in answer to the counter-claim of the defendant within four weeks after service upon him or his pleader of a copy of the defendant's counter-claim, and the Court or a Judge may, on the application of the plaintiff before, trial, if in the opinion of the Court or Judge such counter-claim cannot be disposed of in the pending suit or ought not to be allowed, refuse permission to the defendant to avail himself thereof, and require him to file a separate suit in respect thereof.


14. Defendant setting up a counter-claim to specifically state so in the written statement.-


Where any defendant seeks to rely upon any grounds as supporting a right of counter-claim he shall, in his written statement state specifically that he does so by way of counter-claim.


15. Where the counter-claim involves in addition to the plaintiff other persons also, the defendant to add further title of the written statement and deliver copies of his written statement to such persons as are already parties to the suit.-


Where a defendant by a written statement sets up any counter-claim which raises questions between himself and the plaintiff along with any other persons, he shall add to the title of his written statement a further title similar to the title in a plaint, setting-forth the names of all the persons who, in such counter-claim were to be enforced by a cross-suit, would be defendants to such cross-suit, and shall deliver copies of his written statement to such of them as are already parties to the suit within the period within which he is required to deliver it to the plaintiff.


16. Service of summons when counter-claim is against persons who are not already parties to the suit.-


Where any such person as is mentioned in the last preceding rule, is not already a party to the suit, he shall be summoned to appear by being served with a copy of the written statement and such service shall be regulated by the same rules as are contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, with respect to the service of a writ of summons.


17. Appearance of persons other than defendants to the suit, when served with counterclaim.-


Any person not a defendant to the suit, who is served with a written statement and counter-claim as aforesaid, must appear therein as if he had been served with a writ of summons to appears in the suit.


18. Reply to counter-claim.-


A person named in a written statement as a party to a counter-claim whereby made, may deliver a reply within the time, within which he might deliver a written statement if it were a plaint.


19. Objection to counter-claim being allowed to be set up in the suit.-


Where a defendant sets up a counter-claim, if the plaintiff or any other person named in the manner aforesaid as party to such counter-claim contends that the claim thereby raised ought not to be disposed of by way of counter-claim but in an independent suit, he may, at any time before reply, apply, to the Court or a Judge for an Order that such counter-claim may be excluded and the Court or Judge may, on the hearing of such application, make such Order as shall be just.


20. Counter-claim may be proceeded with even if suit be stayed, discontinued or dismissed-


If in any case in which the defendant sets up a counter-claim the suit of the plaintiff is stayed, discontinued or dismissed, the counter-claim may nevertheless be proceeded with.


21. On default of replay to counter-claim, the counter-claim may be set down for judgment.-


If the defendant to the counter-claim makes default in putting in reply to the counter-claim, the defendant in the suit, who is the plaintiff to the counter-claim, may in such cases get the suit set down for judgment on the counter-claim, and such judgment shall be given as the Court shall consider him to be entitled to.


22. Judgment when set-off or counter-claim is established.-


Where in any suit a set-off or counter-claim is established as a defence against the plaintiffs claim, the Court or a Judge may, if the balance is in favour of the defendant give judgment for the defendant for such balance, or may otherwise adjudge to the defendant such relief as he may be entitled upon the merits of the case, (w.e.f. 1-11-1966)


Third Party Procedure


1 [23. Third Party Notice.-


Where in a suit a defendant claims against any person not already a party to the suit (hereinafter called the Third Party)-


(a) that he is entitled to contribution or indemnity, or


(b) that he is entitled to any relief or remedy to or connected with the subject-matter of the suit and substantailly the same as some relief or remedy claimed by the plaintiff, or


(c) that any question or issue relating to or connected with the subject-matter of the suit is substantially the same as some question or issue arising between the plaintiff and the defendant and should properly be determined not only as between the plaintiff and the defendant but as between the plaintiff and the defendant and the Third Party or between any or either of them, he may apply to the Court for leave to issue a notice (hereinafter called the Third Party Notice) to that effect. The application shall be made by affidavit, stating the nature of the claim made by the defendant and the facts on which proposed- Third Party Notice is based and may be made ex parte. The application shall be made within four weeks from the service of the summons upon defendant.


24. From and Service of Notice.-


(1) Third Party Notice shall state the nature of the claim made by the plaintiff against the defendant and the nature and grounds of the claim made by the defendant against the Third Party or the nature and extent of any relief or remedy by him against Third Party or the nature of the question or issue sought to be determined and shall be sealed with the seal of the Court. It shall be served on the Third Party according to the rules relating to service of summons and shall, unless otherwise Ordered, be served within two weeks from the date of the Order granting leave to issue the Third Party Notice. A copy of the plaint and copy of the affidavit of the defendant in support of the Third Party Notice shall be served on the Third Party along with the Third Party Notice.


(2) A copy of the Third Party Notice and of the affidavit of the defendant in support of the Third Party Notice shall be furnished to all parties to the suit within two weeks from the date of the Order granting leave to issue the Third Party Notice.


25. Effect of Service of Notice.-


The Third Party shall, as from the time of the service upon him the Notice, be a party to the suit with the same rights in respect of his defence against any claim made against him and otherwise as if he had been duly sued in the ordinary way by the defendant.


26. Third Party to enter Appearance or Vakalatnama.-


If the Third Party desires to dispute the plaintiffs claim in the suit as against the defendant on whose behalf the Notice has been issued or his own liability to the defendant the Third Party shall enter an appearance in-person or a Vakalatnama, in the suit within two weeks from the service of the Notice:


Provided that a person so served and failing to appear within the said period of two weeks may apply to the Court for leave to appear and such leave may be given on such terms, if any, as the Court may think fit.


27. Consequence of Failure to enter Appearance or Vakalatnama.-


If the Third Party does not enter an appearance in person or a Vakalatnama he shall be deemed to admit the claim stated in the Third Party Notice and shall be bound by any judgment or decision in the suit whether by consent or otherwise, in so far as it is relevant to any claim, question or issue stated in the Notice.


28. Decree when Third Party makes Default in Appearance or Vakalatnama.


Where the Third Party makes Default in entering an appearance in person or a Vakalatnama in the suit,-


(1) in cases where the suit is tried and results in favour of the plaintiff, the Court which tries the suit may, at or after the trial, pass such decree in favour of the defendant against the Third Party as the nature of the case may require:


Provided that, execution thereof shall not issue without the leave of the Court until the decree against the defendant has been satisfied, and


(2) in cases where the suit is decided in plaintiff's favour, otherwise than by trial the Court may, at any time after the decree against the defendant has been satisfied, on the application of the defendant pass such decree in favour of the defendant against the Third Party as the nature of the case may require.


29. Third Party to file Affidavit in Reply.-


If the Third Party enters an appearance in person or a Vakalatnama he shall file within two weeks thereafter an affidavit in reply to the affidavit of the defendant in support of the Third Party Notice, setting out his case in respect of the Third Party Notice, and his case, if any, in respect of the plaint.


30. Appearance or Vakalatnama of Third Party directions to be given.-


(1) Where the Third Party enters an appearance in person or a Vakalatnama and files his affidavit as required by the last preceding rule, and the suit appears on Board for directions before the Court it may,-


(a) Order any claim, question or issue stated in the Third Party Notice to be tried in such manner, before, at or after the trial of the suit, as the Court may think fit and may, in that event, give the Third Party leave to defend the suit either along or jointly with any defendant, upon such terms as he may think just, or to appear at the trial and take such part therein as he may think just and generally may make such Orders and give such directions as may appear proper for having the questions and the rights and liabilities of the parties most conveniently determined and enforced and as to the extent to which the Third Party shall be bound or made liable by any decree in the suit, or


(b) dismiss the Third Party Notice.


(2) Any Order made or direction given under this rule may be varied or rescinded by the Court at any time before the disposal of the suit.


31. Defendant to apply for directions in certain cases.-


Where for any reason it is not possible for the Court to give direction on the Third Party Notice at the time when the suit appears on the Board by directions, the defendant issuing the Third Party Notice shall, within two weeks, after the filing of the affidavit in reply by the Third Party apply for directions. Upon the hearing of such applications, the Court may pass such Orders and give such directions as are mentioned in the last preceding rule.


32. Costs.-


The Court may decide all questions of costs as between a Third Party and the other parties to the suit, and may Order any one or more to pay the costs of any other, or others or give such directions to costs as the justice of the case may require.


33. Setting aside Third Party proceedings.-


Proceedings on a Third Party Notice may, at any stage of the proceedings, be set aside by the Court.


34. Right of the Third Party and of each successive Third Party to apply for Third Party Notice against other persons.-


(1) Where the Third Party makes against any person not already a party to the suit (to be called 'the Second Third Party') such a claim as is mentioned in rule 23 he may by leave of the Court issue a Third Party Notice to that effect.


(2) Where the Second Third Party in his turn makes such a claim as is mentioned in rule 23 against any person not already a party to the suit (to be called 'the Third Party') or where each successive Third Party in his turn makes such a claim against any person not already a Party to the suit, such Second Third Party or any successive Third Party may, by leave of the Court issue a Third Party Notice to that effect.


(3) The provisions contained in the preceding rules as to Third Party Procedure shall, with any necessary modification apply to all cases where Third Party Notice have been issued, where at the instance of the Third Party or any successive Third Party.


35. Right of defendant to issue Third Party Notice against co-defendant.-


(1) Where a defendant makes against a co-defendant such a claim as is mentioned in rule 23 he may, without leave of the Court, issue and serve on such co-defendant within six weeks from the service of the summons upon him (the defendant making the claim) a notice stating the nature and ground of such claim and shall at the same time file an affidavit in support of such claim and furnish copies thereof to all parties in the suit.


(2) The provisions contained in the preceding rules regarding Third Party Procedure shall, with necessary modification, apply to cases where a defendant has issued such notice against a co-defendant, but nothing herein contained shall prejudice the rights of the plaintiff against any defendant in the suit.


36. Third Party proceeding in a counter-claim.-


Where in any suit a counter-claim is made by a defendant the provisions contained in the preceding rules regarding Third Party Procedure shall, with any necessary modifications, apply in relation to the counter-claim as if the subject-matter of the counter-claim were the subject-matter of the suit, and as if the person making the counter-claim were the plaintiff and the person against whom it is made a defendant."]


1. Rules 23 to 36 subs, for rules 23 to 30 by Notification No. P. 0102/77, published in the Maharashtra Government Gazette, Pt. IV-ka, dated 31st December, 1987.


Delhi.-


Same as in Punjab.


Gujarat.-


In Order VIII, after rule 10, insert the following rules, namely:- ;


"11. Parties to addresses.-


Every party, whether original, added or substituted, who appears in any suit or other proceedings shall on or before the date fixed in the summons or notice served on him as the date of hearing, file in court a memorandum in writing stating his address for service, and if he fails to do so, he shall be liable to have his defence, if any, struck out and to be placed in the same position as if he had not defended. In this respect the Court may act suo motu


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Section 58B of The Advocates Act - Special provision relating to certain disciplinary proceedings

 Section 58B The Advocates Act Description (1) As from the 1st day of September, 1963, every proceeding in respect of any disciplinary matter in relation to an existing advocate of a High Court shall, save as provided in the first proviso to sub-section (2), be disposed of by the State Bar Council in relation to that High Court, as if the existing advocate had been enrolled as an advocate on its roll. (2) If immediately before the said date, there is any proceeding in respect of any disciplinary matter in relation to an existing advocate pending before any High Court under the Indian Bar Councils Act, 1926 (38 of 1926), such proceeding shall stand transferred to the State Bar Council in relation to that High Court, as if it were a proceeding pending before the corresponding Bar Council under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 56: Provided that where in respect of any such proceeding the High Court has received the finding of a Tribunal constituted under section 11 of the Indian B

Case Laws related to Defamation in favour of ClaimantCase Laws related to Defamation in favour of Claimant. TOLLEY Vs, J.S FRY & SONS LTD – (1931) Facts The defendants were owners of chocolate manufacturing company. They advertised their products with a caricature of the claimant, who was a prominent amateur golfer, showing him with the defendants’ chocolate in his pocket while playing golf. The advertisement compared the excellence of the chocolate to the excellence of the claimant’s drive. The claimant did not consent to or knew about the advertisement. Issue The claimant alleged that the advertisement suggested that he agreed to his portrait being used for commercial purposes and for financial gain. He further claimed that the use of his image made him look like someone who prostituted his reputation for advertising purposes and was thus unworthy of his status. At trial, several golfers gave evidence to the effect that if an amateur sold himself for advertisement, he no longer maintained his amateur status and might be asked to resign from his respective club. Furthermore, there was evidence that the possible adverse effects of the caricature on the claimant’s reputation were brought to the defendants’ attention. The trial judge found that the caricature could have a defamatory meaning. The jury then found in favor of the claimant. Held The House of Lords held that in the circumstances of this case – as explained by the facts – the caricature was capable of constituting defamation. In other words, the publication could have the meaning alleged by the claimant. The Lords also ordered a new trial limited to the assessment of damages. NEWSTEAD V LANDON EXPRESS NEWSPAPER LTD, (1939) Facts: A newspaper published a defamatory article about Harold Newstead. However, another person with this name brought an action in libel. He claimed that the article had been misunderstood as leading to him. The defendant newspaper recognised that they published the article. Also, they denied that they had the intention of being defamatory of him. Consequently, the claimant argued that the newspaper was under a duty. The duty was to give a clear and complete description of the correct person. Moreover, the claimant argued that the defendants were in breach of the duty. Issues: The issue in Newstead v London Express Newspaper, was if the reasonable persons would have understood the words complained of to refer to the plaintiff. Held: The Court of Appeal stated that in accordance with the current law on libel, liability for libel does not depend on the intention of the defamer; but on the fact of the defamation. Accordingly, a reasonable man, in this case a newspaper publisher, must be aware of the possibility of individuals with the same name and must assume that the words published will be read by a reasonable man with reasonable care.

  Case Laws related to Defamation in favour of Claimant.  TOLLEY  Vs,  J.S FRY & SONS LTD – (1931) Facts The defendants were owners of chocolate manufacturing company. They advertised their products with a caricature of the claimant, who was a prominent amateur golfer, showing him with the defendants’ chocolate in his pocket while playing golf. The advertisement compared the excellence of the chocolate to the excellence of the claimant’s drive. The claimant did not consent to or knew about the advertisement.   Issue The claimant alleged that the advertisement suggested that he agreed to his portrait being used for commercial purposes and for financial gain. He further claimed that the use of his image made him look like someone who prostituted his reputation for advertising purposes and was thus unworthy of his status. At trial, several golfers gave evidence to the effect that if an amateur sold himself for advertisement, he no longer maintained his amateur status and might be aske

Rules as to delivery of goods

                             Rules as to delivery of goods Section 2(2) of Sale of Goods Act defines ‘delivery’ as a ‘voluntary transfer of possession from one person to another.’ Thus, if the transfer of goods is not voluntary and is taken by theft, by fraud, or by force, then there is no ‘delivery. Moreover, the ‘delivery’ should have the effect of putting the goods in possession of the buyer. The essence of the delivery is a voluntary transfer of possession of goods from one person to another. There is no delivery of goods where they are obtained at pistol point or theft. 1. Mode of Delivery: According to Section 33, delivery of goods sold may be made by doing anything which the parties agree shall be treated as delivery or which has the effect of putting the goods in the possession of the buyer or of any person authorized to hold them on his behalf. Delivery of goods may be actual, symbolic or constructive. 2. Expenses of Delivery: According to Section 36(5), unless otherwise agree