DOCTRINE OF PITH AND SUBSTANCE The constitution of India has split the extent of legislative powers between states and the centre through the 7th schedule. The 7th schedule determines the subject matter and divided the authority to form laws between the state and the centre. List I or Union list consists of matters where the centre has the authority to make laws, e.g., foreign affairs, defence, and currency. List II or State List consists of the matters where the state has the authority to make laws, e.g., public order, sanitation and health. List III or the concurrent list consists of subjects where both the state and the centre have authority to legislate, e.g., Forest, Education and Administration of Justice. Although areas of effect are well established in the 7th schedule, they often start conflicts as to whether the centre or the state, as the situation may be, is threatening upon the area of the other. To manage this conflict, the courts in India have used a few doctrines and
ADVOCATES AND LEGAL CONSULTANT